Greater London London region
Geography
Status	Administrative area Ceremonial county†
Region	London
Area - Total	1,572 km2 (607 sq mi)
Admin HQ	City Hall, Southwark, London
ONS code	H
NUTS 3	UKI
Demography
Population - Total (2011) - Density	Ranked 1st 8,173,194 5,206 /km2 (13,480 /sq mi)
Ethnicity	69% white
Politics
Greater London Authority
Executive
Members of Parliament	List of Parliamentary constituencies in London
Districts
City of London City of Westminster Kensington and Chelsea Hammersmith and Fulham Wandsworth Lambeth Southwark Tower Hamlets Hackney Islington Camden Brent Ealing Hounslow Richmond upon Thames Kingston upon Thames Merton Sutton

Greater London is an administrative area, ceremonial county and the London region of England.^[1] It was created as an area for local government on 1 April 1965, comprising the City of London and 32 London boroughs, of which twelve are Inner London boroughs and twenty are Outer London boroughs.^[2] The ceremonial county created at the same time, and used for the purposes of the Lord Lieutenant of Greater London, does not include the City of London.^[3] The Greater London Authority consisting of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly, headquartered in City Hall, has been responsible for strategic local government since 2000. Greater London occupies the same area as the London European Parliament constituency. It is at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes, covers 1,572 km² (607 sq mi)^[4] and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census.^[5] It has by far the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom. The term Greater London was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the County of London and often similar to the Metropolitan Police District.^[6]

History [edit]

London is divided into the small City of London and the much wider Greater London. This arrangement has come about because as the area of London grew and absorbed neighbouring settlements, a series of administrative reforms did not amalgamate the City of London with the metropolitan area, and its unique political structure was retained. Outside the limited boundaries of the old city, a variety of arrangements have governed the wider area since 1855, culminating with the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965.

London became a greater and still greater accumulation of towns, an immense colony of dwellings where people still live in their own home in small communities with local government just as they had done in the Middle Ages.

—Steen Eiler Rasmussen, 1934

The term Greater London was used well before 1965, particularly to refer to the area covered by the Metropolitan Police District (such as in the 1901 census),^[7] the area of the Metropolitan Water Board (favoured by the London County Council for statistics),^[8] the London Passenger Transport Area and the area defined by the Registrar General as the Greater London Conurbation.^[9] The Greater London Arterial Road Programme was devised between 1913 and 1916.^[10] One of the larger early forms was the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles (4,810 km²) and included 9 million people.^[8]

Proposals to expand the County of London [edit]

Although the London County Council had been created as a London-wide authority covering the County of London in 1889, the county did not cover all the built-up area of London, particularly West Ham and East Ham; and many of the LCC housing projects, including the vast Becontree Estates, were outside its boundaries.^[11] The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the First World War, noting that within the Metropolitan and City Police Districts there were 122 housing authorities. A Royal Commission on London Government was set up to consider the issue.^[12][13] London County Council proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a proposed boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the home counties.^[14] Protests were made at the possibility of including Windsor, Slough and Eton in the authority.^[15] The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCC's scheme. Two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a Central Authority for strategic functions. The London Traffic Act 1924 was a result of the Commission.^[16] Reform of the local government arrangements in the County of London and its environs was again considered by the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London. The commission applied three tests to decide if a community should form part of Greater London. They were: how strong is the area as an independent centre in its own right; how strong are its ties to London; and how strongly is it drawn outwards towards the country rather than inwards towards London.

Greater London is formally created [edit]

Arms of the former Greater London Council

Greater London was formally created by the London Government Act 1963, which took force on 1 April 1965, replacing the former administrative counties of Middlesex and London, adding the City of London, which was not under the London County Council, and absorbing parts of Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council (GLC) sharing power with the City of London Corporation (governing the small City of London) and the 32 London borough councils. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985. Its functions were devolved to the Corporation and the London boroughs with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards.^[17]

Greater London was used to form the London region of England in 1994. A referendum held in 1998, established public will to create a strategic authority for Greater London. The Greater London Authority, London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London were created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. In 2000 the outer boundary of the Metropolitan Police District was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The 2000 and 2004 mayoral elections were both won by Ken Livingstone, who had been the final leader of the GLC. The 2008 and 2012 elections were both won by Boris Johnson, the Conservative Party candidate.

Geography [edit]

Croydon

Romford

Kingston upon Thames

Harrow

Bromley

Wimbledon

Greenwich

Enfield

Westminster

Ilford

Chingford

Camden

Stratford

Richmond

Wembley

Hayes

Uxbridge

Tottenham

City

Bexleyheath

Biggin Hill

Edgware

Upminster

Woolwich

Sutton

Ealing

Hounslow

Barnet

Barking

Walthamstow

Lewisham

Notable places in Greater London

Greater London roughly corresponds to the built up area of London and includes parts of the Metropolitan Green Belt which limits development. It is bounded by the home counties of Essex and Hertfordshire in the East of England; Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Surrey and Kent in South East England. The highest point in Greater London is Westerham Heights, in the North Downs and on the boundary with Kent, at 245 metres (804 ft).

The area of Greater London has not changed significantly since its creation, but there have been a considerable number of small boundary changes. The most significant of these were the 1969 transfers of Knockholt to Kent and Farleigh to Surrey^[18] and a series of minor adjustments during the 1990s that realigned the boundary to the M25 motorway in some places. The majority of Greater London forms the London low emission zone from 4 February 2008.

Governance [edit]

London
This article is part of the series: Politics and government of London
Sovereign Elizabeth II
Greater London Authority Mayor Boris Johnson Deputy Victoria Borwick London Assembly Mayoral elections Constituencies
City of London Corporation Lord Mayor Sheriff Wards Court of Aldermen
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Boroughs Middle Temple Inner Temple
British politics portal
v t e

The Greater London Authority is based in City Hall

Greater London is not a city in the proper sense that the word applies in the United Kingdom, that of having city status granted by the Crown. Westminster London borough^[19] and the City of London are already cities, which would make such a status anomalous.^{[notes 1]} Despite this, Greater London is commonly regarded as a city in the general sense of a municipality. A Lord Lieutenant of Greater London is appointed for its area, less the City of London, and for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Act 1997, this area is defined as a county.^[20]

The term "London" is normally used in reference to Greater London or to the overall conurbation, but not often to the ancient, tiny City of London.^[1][21] This small area is often referred to as "the City" or "the Square Mile" and it forms the main financial district. Archaically, the urbanised area of London was known as the Metropolis. In common usage, the terms "London" and "Greater London" are usually used interchangeably.^[1] It is officially divided for some purposes, with varying definitions, into Inner London and Outer London. For strategic planning purposes the region is divided into five sub regions.

Strategic local government [edit]

Logo of the Greater London Authority

Greater London is under the strategic local governance of the Greater London Authority.^[22] The Greater London Authority (GLA) comprises an elected assembly called the London Assembly and an executive head known as the Mayor of London.^[23]

The current Mayor of London (not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of the City of London) is Boris Johnson. He is scrutinised by an elected London Assembly, which may amend his annual budget (by two-thirds majority) but otherwise lacks the power to block his directives. The headquarters of the GLA is at City Hall in Southwark. The Mayor is responsible for Greater London's strategic planning and is required to produce a London Plan document.

Local government [edit]

Greater London is divided into 32 London boroughs, each governed by a London borough council; and the City of London, which has a unique government dating back to the 12th century.^[1]

All London borough councils belong to the London Councils association. Three London boroughs carry the purely honorific title of Royal Borough: Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, and Greenwich. Within the City of London boundary are the liberties of Middle Temple and Inner Temple.

City of London City of Westminster Kensington and Chelsea Hammersmith and Fulham Wandsworth Lambeth Southwark Tower Hamlets Hackney Islington Camden Brent Ealing Hounslow Richmond Kingston Merton

Sutton Croydon Bromley Lewisham Greenwich Bexley Havering Barking and Dagenham Redbridge Newham Waltham Forest Haringey Enfield Barnet Harrow Hillingdon

London Assembly [edit]

For elections to the London Assembly, London is divided into 14 constituencies, formed from the area of two or three boroughs combined. The City of London forms part of the City and East constituency.

UK Parliament [edit]

London is divided into 73 Parliamentary borough constituencies, formed from the combined area of several wards from one or more boroughs. Typically a borough is covered by two or three constituencies.

European Parliament [edit]

London is represented by a single Parliamentary constituency in the European Parliament.

Demography [edit]

2011 United Kingdom Census[24]
Country of birth	Population
United Kingdom	5,175,677
India	262,247
Poland	158,300
Ireland	129,807
Nigeria	114,718
Pakistan	112,457
Bangladesh	109,948
Jamaica	87,467
Sri Lanka	84,542
France	66,654
South Africa	66,654
Kenya	66,311
Somalia	65,333
United States	63,920
Italy	62,050
Ghana	62,896
Turkey	59,596
Germany	55,476
Australia	53,959
Romania	44,848
Philippines	44,199
Portugal	41,041
Lithuania	39,817
China	39,452
Iran	37,339
Spain	35,880
Hong Kong	26,435
Zimbabwe	21,039

High resolution view from the top of Tolworth tower over the sprawling suburban housing that is typical in some areas of Greater London

With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official residents in Greater London in mid-2009.

London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to an estimated 9,332,000 people in 2005^{[citation needed]}, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union.

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city and the 17th largest metropolitan region in the world. It is ranked 4th in the world in the number of US dollar billionaires residing in the city. It ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Ethnic groups [edit]

In the 2001 census, 71.15% of the population classed their ethnic group as white, including White British (59.79%), White Irish (3.07%) or "Other White" (8.29%, mostly Greek- and Turkish-Cypriot, Italian and French). 12.09% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities).

10.91% classed themselves as Black British (around 7% as Black African, 3% as Black Caribbean, 0.84% as "Other Black"). 3.15% were of mixed race; 1.12% as Chinese; and 1.58% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. The Irish, from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, number about 200,000, as do the Scots and Welsh combined.

In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, as of 2006, London's foreign-born population is 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 census showed that 27.1% of Greater London's population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as non-white.

The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of London residents in 2001, the date of the last UK Census.^[25] These figures do not give a fair indication of the current total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) who reside in Greater London number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established for nearly two centuries. The same can be said for Italian and French Londoners whose communities have been here for centuries (the French Embassy estimates there are between 300,000 and 400,000 French citizens living in the UK, with "a huge majority of them living in London").^[26] Though a Polish community has existed in London since the late Middle Ages, it was not significant in the 2001 census but has grown significantly since 2004 and by June 2010 London had 122,000 Polish residents.^[27] The German-born population figure may be misleading, however, because it includes British nationals born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany.

London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. Huguenots, eastern European Jud The largest ethnic-minority communities are the Jamaican in Brixton, Hackney and Tottenham; West African in Southwark; West Indians and West Africans in Lewisham; Indians in Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Hounslow, Redbridge, Newham and Hillingdon; Tamil (Indian and Sri Lankan) in Harrow, Watford (in Hertfordshire), East Ham, Wembley and Tooting; Pakistani and Bangladeshi in Newham, Tooting, East Ham, Wembley, Haringey, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, and Barking & Dagenham; Tamil in Harrow, Watford (in Hertfordshire), East Ham, Wembley and Tooting; and East African and Caribbean in Harlesden and Stonebridge. A sizeable Italian community live in the Enfield area of Freezywater, and close by at Waltham Cross and Cheshunt, (both in Hertfordshire).^[28]

Population [edit]

Population of Greater London

The population on the current territory of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (back then only about 0.85 million people were in the urban area of London, while 0.25 million were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s.

By 2006, the population in Greater London has only recovered to the level of 1970 (which was also the level of population in the 1920s). Some researchers expect the population of Greater London to reach 8.15 million by 2016, which would be 0.45 million short of the 1939 peak.

Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 limits. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates (revised as of August 2007), which are more accurate than the censuses themselves, known to underestimate the population of London.

Wider population [edit]

Greater London is not exactly coterminous with London's built up area and a somewhat wider Greater London Urban Area has been defined and is used for mainly statistical purposes. London's wider metropolitan area is known as the London commuter belt and is delimited by a variety of definitions.

Economy [edit]

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added (GVA) of Inner London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Eurostat data shows the GDP of Inner London to be 232 billion euros in 2009^[41] and per capita GDP of 78,000 euros.

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Outer London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Eurostat data shows the GDP of Outer London to be 103 billion euros in 2009^[41] and per capita GDP of 21,460 euros.

Religion [edit]

Westminster Abbey. A World Heritage Site and location of the coronation of British monarchs.

The largest religious groupings in London are Christian (58.2%), Muslim (8.2%), Hindu (4.1%), Jewish (2.1%), and Sikh (1.5%), alongside those of no religion (15.8%). London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City. The famous St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres, while the head of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, the Archbishop of Canterbury has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey. The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales. Religious practice in London is lower than in any other part of the UK or Western Europe and is around seven times lower than American averages. Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, weekly observance is low within that denomination, although in recent years church attendance, particularly at evangelical Anglican churches in London, has started to increase.

London is also home to sizeable Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in Tower Hamlets and Newham; the most important Muslim buildings are the East London Mosque in Whitechapel and the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park. London's large Hindu community is found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which contains one of Europe's largest Hindu temples, Neasden Temple.

Sikh communities are located in East and West London, which is also home to the some of the largest Sikh Temples in Europe. The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill (the most Orthodox Jewish area outside New York City and Israel) and St. John's Wood, Golders Green, and Edgware in North London.

Education [edit]

University College London, a part of the University of London.

Publicly funded education has been administered through 33 LEAs, which correspond to the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, since the 1990 enactment of the Education Reform Act 1988.^[42] From 1965 to 1990, 12 Inner London boroughs and the City of London were served by the Inner London Education Authority.^[42]

The introduction of comprehensive schools, directed by Circular 10/65 in 1965, was mostly followed in Greater London; however, 19 grammar schools have been retained in some Outer London boroughs,^[43] with Sutton having the most with five, followed by Bexley with four and others in five other boroughs. In these boroughs the state schools outperform the (relatively few) independent schools. In inner London, private schools always get the best results and are larger in number. At GCSE and A level, Outer London boroughs have broadly better results than Inner London boroughs.^[44]

At GCSE, the best borough is Kingston upon Thames, closely followed by Sutton. Both boroughs have selective schools, and get the top two average GCSE results in England for LEAs. Next is Kensington and Chelsea, the third best in England, then Redbridge, Hammersmith and Fulham, Bromley, Barnet and Harrow. Only ten boroughs have GCSE results under the England average, and some inner-London boroughs have surprisingly good results considering where they lie on the scale of deprivation, e.g. Lambeth. Overall at GCSE in 2009, Greater London had the best results for regions of England. Greater London is generally a prosperous region, and prosperous areas generally have good GCSE results. The City of London has no state schools, just two independent schools. Haringey and Kensington and Chelsea have the most people that pass no GCSEs.

However at A level, the average results for LEAs are disappointing, compared to their good GCSE results. Although Kingston upon Thames gets the best GCSE results in England, at A-level it is not even above average. Sutton gets the best A-level results in London and in England. Three of the schools in the top four at A-level in London are in Sutton. It has only one independent school. The few other boroughs with above-average A-level results are Havering, Barnet, Bexley, Redbridge, and Ealing. The poor A-level results in many London boroughs is explained by the quantity of independent schools getting good A-level results. The state school system is often bypassed at age 16 by the more able pupils. Some London boroughs need more good sixth form colleges.

The region's thirty four further education colleges are funded through the Skills Funding Agency and the Young People's Learning Agency. Large colleges include Kingston College, Havering College of Further and Higher Education, and Croydon College.

Universities [edit]

The University of London has twenty federated colleges and schools. The main three higher education institutions (HEIs) are (in order of total funding) University College London (UCL), Imperial College London, and King's College London. KCL and UCL are part of the University of London, and Imperial College was part of this university until 2007, and is now an independent university. UCL and Imperial have very large research grants — some of the largest in England after Cambridge and Oxford. KCL also has a large research grant, and one of the largest in England. The next largest institution by funding is Queen Mary, University of London. The top three institutions get more than twice as much total income than any other institution in the region, with UCL and Imperial around £600 million each. The region has many medical schools, and one vet school, the Royal Veterinary College (which also has a main site at North Mymms in Hertfordshire) in Camden. The RVC has the lowest drop-out rate in the region.

By student numbers, the top five universities are: London Metropolitan University, the University of Westminster, Middlesex University, the University of Greenwich, and City University London.

For students in the region, 50% come from the region, and around 30% from other regions. For students from other regions, most come from South East England, the East of England, and, to a lesser degree, South West England; the vast majority are from the south of England. For students native to the region, over 50% stay in the region, with 15% going to South East England, then around 5% going elsewhere, except Scotland, Wales and the North East. Once graduated, over 70% stay in the region; London is a mecca (though expensive) for graduates from all over the UK. Just under 15% go to the South-East, and just over 5% go to the East of England; very few go anywhere else.

Twinning [edit]

This section requires expansion. (February 2008)

The Greater London Authority has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities.^[45]

	Country	City	County / District / Region / State	Date
	China	Beijing	Beijing Municipality	2006[46]
	France	Paris	Île-de-France
	Germany	Berlin	Berlin	2000
	Russia	Moscow	Central Federal District
	United States	New York City	New York	2001[47]
	Japan	Tokyo	Tokyo	2005

For Borough twinning see List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom#London.

See also [edit]

London portal

Book: London

Geographical [edit]

• Central London
• Inner London
• Outer London
• London borough
• Greater London Urban Area
• London commuter belt
• Metropolitan Police District
• M25 motorway

Political [edit]

• Mayor of London
• List of Lord Lieutenants of Greater London
• List of High Sheriffs of Greater London
• London Plan
• City of London

Historical [edit]

• Metropolitan Board of Works
• County of London
• Greater London Council

Other [edit]

• Global city
• Megacity
• Metropolis

Notes [edit]

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Greater London Authority
• Greater London Online — London Community News, Information and Business Directory
• Greater London Business Community Directory
• Greater London at the Open Directory Project

Neighbouring counties

	Buckinghamshire	Hertfordshire	Essex
	Berkshire		Essex Kent
		Greater London
	Surrey	Surrey, Kent	Kent

v t e London commuter belt Home Counties Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire City of London Dorset Essex Greater London Hampshire Hertfordshire Kent Middlesex Oxfordshire Surrey Sussex Urban Areas Greater London Urban Area Reading/Wokingham Urban Area Southend Urban Area Aldershot Urban Area Luton/Dunstable Urban Area High Wycombe Urban Area Medway Towns Urban Area Aylesbury Urban Area London boroughs Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster Cities and towns (100k+) Chelmsford Crawley High Wycombe London Luton Reading Slough Southend-on-Sea Towns (25k-99k) Aldershot Ashford, Surrey Aylesbury Basildon Basingstoke Billericay Bishop's Stortford Borehamwood Bracknell Brentwood Burgess Hill Camberley Canvey Island Chatham Cheshunt Dartford Dunstable Epsom Ewell Earley Farnborough Farnham Fleet Gillingham Guildford Gravesend Grays Harlow Harpenden Hatfield Hemel Hempstead Horsham Hitchin Leighton Buzzard Letchworth Loughton Maidenhead Maidstone Rayleigh, Essex Redhill Rochester Royal Tunbridge Wells Sittingbourne St Albans Stevenage Strood Sunbury-on-Thames Tonbridge Ware Watford Welwyn Garden City Wickford Windsor Woking Wokingham Woodley Towns (10k-25k) Addlestone Amersham Ashtead Baldock Beaconsfield Berkhamsted Broxbourne Buckhurst Hill Bushey Chertsey Chesham Chigwell Corringham Croxley Green Dorking East Grinstead East Malling Englefield Green Epping Frimley Frogmore Godalming Hadleigh Haywards Heath Hertford Hoddesdon Horley Houghton Regis Knaphill Marlow Potters Bar Reigate Rickmansworth Rochford Sandhurst Sevenoaks Snodland Shepperton South Benfleet Southborough, Kent Staines-upon-Thames Stanford-le-Hope Stanwell Swanley Thundersley Tilbury Tring Waltham Abbey Waltham Cross Yateley

v t e History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Periods Roman London Anglo-Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th century London 19th century London 1900–1939 The Blitz 1945–2000 21st century Events Peasants' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco-British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 7/7 bombings Olympic Games (1908 1948 2012) Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Category Commons

v t e Subdivisions of England Region Regions Greater London NUTS 1 statistical regions of England County Metropolitan Non-metropolitan Ceremonial District Metropolitan Non-metropolitan London borough City of London Unitary authority Isles of Scilly Civil parish Civil parish

v t e United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Regions of England: East of England East Midlands London North East North West South East South West West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber

Coordinates: 51°30′N 0°5′W / 51.500°N 0.083°W / 51.500; -0.083

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